Define intentional and unintentional injuries, and provide examples of each. Is domestic violence (DV) an intentional or unintentional injury? What are strategies being used in your community to decrease DV?

PROFESSOR’S GUIDANCE FOR THIS WEEK’S LE:

Domestic abuse has a considerable impact on your health and well-being, and that of your children. The direct and immediate physical effects of domestic violence include injuries such as bruises, cuts, broken bones, lost teeth and hair, miscarriage, stillbirth and other complications of pregnancy.

The results of domestic violence can also be long-term and may cause or worsen, chronic health problems of various kinds, including asthma, epilepsy, digestive problems, migraine, hypertension, and skin disorders. Domestic abuse also has an enormous effect on your mental health, and may lead to increased use of alcohol, drugs and other substances.

The health of your children is also likely to have been seriously affected from witnessing abuse directed at you, and also in many cases from abuse which they themselves may have suffered

Educational Video

Culture must never be used as a justification for “honour violence” | Diana Nammi | TEDxEastEnd

So called ‘honour violence’ or ‘honour killings’ are a reality for women all around the world; this talk looks at the stories of three women in the UK. From Kurdistan to the UK, Diana explores her journey as a campaigner and how she has fought for justice for victims. Diana has dedicated her life to campaigning for universal human rights. She spent 12 years on the front-line as a Peshmerger (Kurdish freedom fighter) but eventually her activism in Kurdistan Iran and neighbouring countries resulted in her facing persecution, which forced her to flee. She now lives in the UK and in 2002 she founded the Iranian and Kurdish Women’s Rights Organisation (IKWRO) an NGO providing advice, advocacy, training and counselling women and girls from Middle Eastern and North African communities affected by so called “honour” based violence, including forced marriage and Female Genital Mutilation and domestic violence. As Executive Director she leads IKWRO’s campaigning and successes have included the Justice for Banaz campaign which lead to the first extradition from Kurdistan Iraq to the UK of two of the perpetrators of the “honour” killing and the criminalisation of forced marriage in the UK in 2014. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

peers:

Start this Hello EvelynUnintentional and intentional injuries contribute to a significant number of deaths in the United States and globally. Greater than 5 million people pass away from injuries annually, which amounts to 14,000 deaths per day (McKenzie et al., 2022). Unintentional injuries, such as car accidents, work-related accidents, or poisonings, are accidental. Intentional injuries are not accidents. They are violent actions that another person commits to another or to themselves, including homicide, suicide, and physical assault (McKenzie et al., 2022).        Domestic abuse and family violence can be between spouses, children, elderly relatives, or siblings (McKenzie et al., 2018). The violence can result from emotional abuse, coercion, financial limitations, fund holding, and sexual assault (Women’s Resource Center 2022). Domestic violence statistics are only those that are reported and recorded. A survey by Leigh et al. explored the hesitancy and reasons why some victims do not report partner abuse in the emergency room. The greatest fear from the victim was that the abuser would find out if the patient disclosed who abused them to the health care provider, and they were afraid of retaliation such as further abuse or loss of their children. They worried that if they were removed from their families, their children could stay with the abusive parent, and they could no longer protect them. Many victims felt ashamed and hesitant to disclose the abuse to the doctor, some claiming accidents. Lastly, some undocumented immigrants feared possible deportation if police were involved (Kimberg et al., 2021).        By discovering if the patient was being abused early, interventions could be made earlier, such as counseling for both parties, measures to increase personal safety, and follow-up social work so that the victims could receive assistance for themselves and their families (Bair-Merritt et al., 2014). Many hospitals screen for domestic violence with all incoming patients to create a culture of acceptance. Their goal is to remove the stigma of being abused. Pamphlets and posters are available in the clinic rooms and reception areas to foster self-help. At every medical visit, a baseline question asks if the patient is experiencing any mental or physical harm at home (Kimberg et al., 2021).        Annually, nearly 120,000 domestic violence survivors are seen in the emergency department in the United States. This number may be under-represented due to failure to report and seek medical care (Brignone & Gomez, 2022). One in four women has experienced sexual or physical assault from a family member, friend, roommate, or caregiver (Black et al., 2010). Studies have shown that a warm handoff will improve survivors’ follow-up with advocacy, despite their fears of facing violent repercussions for reporting their abuse (Brignone & Gomez, 2022). The warm handoff entails a domestic violence representative either following up with a phone call to the victim or going to their bedside to offer resources, assistance, and care (Brignone & Gomez, 2022). Subsequent coercion by a partner, post-traumatic disorder, depression, and financial manipulation prevent the abused victim from following up with care (McKenzie et al., 2022). Brignone and Gomez’s study discovered that by having a standard 2—question Danger Assessment form, many preconceived notions of certain ethnicities and subconscious racial biases were reduced when given to all patients. This increased the chances that an abused patient would receive help through the proper channels and services (Brignone & Gomez, 2022).        In San Diego, victims of domestic violence can access the women’s resource center either by the website or call the Case Manager for temporary shelter and help at 760-757-3500 (Women’s Resource Center, 2022). The Women’s Resource Center (WRC) offers help with crisis intervention, emergency food, shelter, counseling, children’s services, and legal assistance (WRC, 2022). The Center for Community Solutions (CCS) in San Diego has helped over 15,000 survivors of sexual assault and was initially founded in 1969 as a rape crisis center (Center for Community Solutions, 2022). They have a bilingual crisis helpline, which is essential when most victims are from ethnic minority groups (McKenzie et al., 2022). They are a nonprofit agency that works with schools and local community groups to help terminate relationship violence and perpetuate social justice in the surrounding areas (CCS, 2022). They have three locations in Mission Bay, El Cajon, and Escondido areas with a 24-hour hotline that can be reached at 1-888-385-4657.

Peer 2:

start this by hello MohaUnintentional injuries are harmful acts that occur without any intention of causing damage to oneself or others. A large proportion of accidental injuries occur in or around the home, and many of these injuries result from falls, like down the stairs or when someone uses a ladder to fix something. Other than the home, we all know bad things can happen in the dangerous outer world, and the most common places of unintentional injuries outside the home are streets, highways, and recreational areas.We think that accidents resulting in injuries are not all that bad. You may fall and break a leg, but you’ll survive. Well, not really. It turns out that unintentional injuries cause about two-thirds of all injury deaths in the U.S. every single year! If you’re surprised, here are some examples of why this is the case. Motor vehicle crashes, unintentional poisonings, suffocation, drowning, accidental firearm discharges, and burns are just some of the dangers many face daily.For people aged 65 or older, unintentional falls are the number one cause of unintentional injury death. These falls, whether they end in death or not, end up costing the U.S. tens of billions of dollars in lost work potential and medical care costs for people aged 65 or older alone. (Gise, Truong, Parsikia, & Mbekeani 2019)Those aged 25-64 should be wary of unintentional poisonings with substances at home like chemicals, drugs, and so on. Children and young adults aged 5-24 who die due to an unintentional injury mainly do so because of problems sustained from motor vehicle-related accidents. And children below the age of five are most at risk for unintentional death via suffocation and drowning, hence the need to watch the kiddies near the tub and pool.In contrast to unintentional injuries are intentional injuries, which are injuries resulting from purposeful harmful actions upon oneself or others. The difference between the two is clear from the definitions, but you’ll also find out how different the manners of death are concerning these categories.About one-third of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. are caused by violence. Violence is a term that describes the exercise of force to harm oneself or another person. It’s similarly unfortunate that most of these intentional injury deaths occur not at the hands of others but when a person commits suicide. In that order, the three major contributing factors to suicide deaths are firearms, suffocation, and poisoning.Violence is intentional injuries caused by an aggressor or person to hurt or kill another person or group of people using excessive physical force. Violence can include such acts as physical force and violence involving motor vehicles, weapons, or firearms, among other causes. Violence accounts for about one-third of deaths from injuries in the United States annually and is responsible for an estimated $50 billion in medical and work-loss expenses annually. This is a significant cause for concern, with many resources spent on prevention and response efforts. (Sharma, Gupta, Anand, & Ingle 2014)Domestic and family violence tears live apart. One in 3 women experience physical or sexual violence, or both, caused by someone known to them. It affects women, children, the family, and the community. And it has big personal, social, and economic effects.Effects on the victimDeath, illness, injury, and disability — domestic and family violence is the leading cause of death, illness, and disability for women aged under 45Emotional and psychological trauma — the devastating impact on an individual’s physical, mental and emotional health, including depression, shame, anger, and suicideHomelessness — nearly one-third of people in NSW seeking help from homelessness services say domestic, and family violence is an issueUse of alcohol and other drugs to deal with the painPhysical health injuries and problems that may not get medically treatedEffects on the familyViolence and the threat of violence at home create fear and can destroy family environments and lead to the break-up of families.Frequent moving to avoid the abuserRegular household conflictChild protection or police involvementEffects on the communityChildren grow up without learning about positive and respectful relationships.Abusers going to prisonHigher rates of alcohol and other drug use and mental health problemsDomestic and family violence is estimated to cost the NSW economy more than $4.5 billion each yearEffects on childrenOf those women who experience violence, more than 50% have children in their care. Children and young people don’t have to see the violence to be affected by it. Studies show that living with domestic violence can cause physical and emotional harm to children and young people in the following ways:ongoing anxiety and depressionemotional distresseating and sleeping disturbancesphysical symptoms, such as headaches and stomach achesfind it hard to manage stresslow self-esteemself-harmbe aggressive towards friends and schoolmatesfeel guilt or blame themselves for the violencehave trouble forming positive relationshipsdevelop phobias and insomniastruggle with going to school and doing school workuse bullying behavior or become a target of bullyingdifficulty concentratingfind it hard to solve problemshave less empathy and care for others (Ballesteros, Williams, Mack, Simon, & Sleet 2018).